. USES OF PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES

11. Ask, advise, allow, command, force, forbid, invite, encourage,
compel, beg, order•, imagine, instruct, permit, persuade, tell, require,
remind, teach,etc. are followed by Object + To +V2
For example,
Incorrect- He advised to do it by me.
Correct- He advised me to do it. But if these are used in Passive Voice, then
they are followed by To +V,.
For example,
Correct- She was permitted to go with him.

12. Know is followed by how/ where/when/why and Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- I know to write a letter.
Correct- I know how to write a letter.

13. After let, bid, behold, watch, see, feel, make etc. we use BareInfinitiveand not To-infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- I heard him to speak on several subjects.
Correct- I heard him speak on several subjects.

14. Bare Infinitive is used after Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, may,
might,shall, should, will, would, must, dare not, need not).
For example,
Incorrect- You need not to work hard.
Correct- You need not work hard.

15. Had better, had rather, had as soon … as …, had sooner etc. are
followed by Bare Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- He had better to go now.
Correct- He had better go now.

16. Conjunction than is also followed by Bare
Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- He had better read than to write.
Correct- He had better read than write.

17. When but is used as a Preposition and preceded by any form of the
Verbdo, then but is followed with Bare Infinitive.
Incorrect- He did nothing but to wander.
Correct- He did nothing but wander.

18. Every Participle must have a Subject of Reference.
For example,
Incorrect- Being a rainy-day Vijay decided to stay at home.
Correct- It being a rainy-day Vijay decided to stay at home.

19. For completed action Having + Va is used in Active Voice, whereas
Having + been + Va or Being + Va is used in Passive Voice. After
should notbe used in such a sentence.
For example,
Incorrect- After the leader having been killed, the followers ran away.
Correct- The leader having been killed, the followers ran away.

20. Participles like considering, judging, referring, concerning,
regarding,viewing, broadly speaking etc. do not take any Subject of
Reference.
For example,
Correct – Considering the case, I took the decision.
Here I is not a Subject of Reference of considering. So, there is no Subject of
Reference for ‘considering, still the sentence is correct.